Meat consumption has been implicated in many cancers, as being either protective or causative, depending on the type of cancer. Mulvihill, in Meat Processing, 2002 4.2 Meat and cancer This could be investigated in a prospective study. These studies do not reveal cause and effect however, it could be possible that high pro-animal attitudes lead to vegetarianism or vice versa, or even that they develop in a parallel fashion. Based on the dichotomous classification, vegetarians had a more positive attitude toward animal welfare than nonvegetarians ( Furnham et al., 2003 Herzog and Golden, 2009). People that score high on pro-animal attitudes report lower meat consumption. Certain studies have reported that meat consumption as measured on the Likert scale is related to animal attitudes in adolescents ( Binngießer et al., 2013 Randler et al., 2017) and adults ( Schröder and McEachern, 2004). Vegetarianism is consequently a new development (ancient India, Greece, and Italy, see Spencer, 1993). Meat consumption evolved around 2.6 million years ago ( Domínguez-Rodrigo et al., 2005) and humans are seen as omnivores. Pavol Prokop, Christoph Randler, in Ethnozoology, 2018 Influences of Meat Consumption on Attitudes Toward Animals These different trends in the patterns of meat consumption have repercussions for the nutrition and health of consumers in different countries, given the role of meat and the nutrients it contains in the maintenance of health and in the etiology of various diseases ( Kouvari et al., 2016). Poultry meat consumption fell by 1.7 g/day. The latter authors drew on the results of surveys based on individual interviews conducted over the period 1988–2004 and estimated that red meat consumption fell by 5.5 g/day in men and women during that period. (2011) and in the United States by Wang et al. This was noted in the United Kingdom by Wyness et al. In many developed countries, meat consumption has fallen slightly over the last 50 years. These same authors noted recent growth of meat consumption in Spain, which has shifted gradually from the Mediterranean diet since the 1960s. Recent rapid growth in meat consumption has occurred in emerging countries, for example, China and Brazil, where animal protein has replaced plant protein in the diet.
These changes are linked to disposable income ( Sans and Combris, 2015). Meat consumption globally has increased gradually in the last 50 years and dramatically in some countries. In men, consumption of pork was highest in Germany (35 g/day), beef in Italy (38 g/day), lamb in Spain (10 g/day), and chicken in Spain (31 g/d). The lowest consumption of processed meat in men was 33.5 g/day in Italy, which was 24% of total meat. For example, the highest consumption of processed meat in men was 83 g/day in Germany, which was 54% of total meat. In the European EPIC survey, the proportions of meat eaten in different forms also varied widely. Meat intakes were much higher than in Europe, averaging 198 g/day meat and poultry in men and 120 g/day in women ( Bowman et al., 2011). In the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) also used dietary recall interviews to estimate meat consumption and nutrient intakes in 2001–02. In women the range was from 47 g in Greece to 106 g in France.
Total meat consumption per day in men varied from 79 g in Greece to 170 g in Spain. (2002), meat consumption patterns were shown to differ markedly between countries. The European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) has used a computerized 24-h dietary recall interview approach to record the consumption of people in 10 different European countries. This approach shows trends but tends to overestimate consumption when it is based on individual records. For example, it is sometimes calculated as the difference between production, imports, and exports within a country. Meat consumption can be measured in different ways ( Wyness et al., 2011). Wood, in Lawrie´s Meat Science (Eighth Edition), 2017 20.2 Meat Consumption Patterns
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